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Mersa/Wadi Gawasis 2006-2007 Report, Rodolfo Fattovich and Kathryn A. Bard editors

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Sommario

  1. Introduction
  2. I. Paleoenvironment
  3. II. Survey
  4. III.1. Archaeology - Excavations
  5. III.2. Archaeology - Artifacts
  6. III.3. Archaeology - Botanical and Wood Remains
  7. IV. Dendrochronology
  8. V. Epigraphy
  9. VI. Conservation
  10. References

References

Arkell, A. J. 1954. "Four Occupation Sites at Agordat," Kush 2: 33-62.

Arnold, Do.1982. "Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976-1981," MDAIK 38: 25-65.

Arnold, Do. 1988. "The Pottery." Do. Arnold (ed.), The Pyramid of Senwosret I, The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Vol. I. Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition, Vol. XXII. New York: Metropolitan Museum, pp. 106-146.

Bader, B. 2001. Tell el-Dab'a XIII, Typologie und Chronologie der Mergel C-Ton Keramik. Vienna: Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo.

Bader, B. 2002. "A Concise Guide to Marl C-Pottery," Ägyptus und Levante 12: 29-54.

Bard, K. A., R. Fattovich, T. Arpin, S. T. Childs, C. S. Lim, C. Perlingieri, R. Pirelli, and C. Zazzaro 2005. Recent Excavations at the Pharaonic Port of Mersa Gawasis on the Red Sea, 2004-2005 Field Season. <http://www.archeogate.com>.

Bard, K. A., and R. Fattovich 2007. Seaport of the Pharaohs to the Land of Punt. Archaeological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt, 2001-2005. Naples: Università di Napoli "l'Orientale," forthcoming.

Bourriau, J. 2004. "Egyptian Pottery Found in Kerma Ancien, Kerma Moyen and Kerma Classique Graves at Kerma," in T. Kendall (ed.), Nubian Studies 1998. Proceedings of the IX Conference of the International Society for Nubian Studies, Boston, pp. 3-13.

Cichock, O. 2000. "Methods and Aims in Dendrochronology. Dating Wooden Objects from the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. (Absolute Chronology IV)" M. Bietak (ed.), The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C., Vienna: Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 19, pp. 62-67.

Cichocki, O., M. Bichler, G. Firneis, W. Kutschera, W. Müller, and P. Stadler. 2004. "The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC - Natural Science Dating Attempts." E. C. Buck and A. R. Millard (eds.), Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries. London: Springer, pp. 83-110.

Cichocki, O. 2004. "The Wooden Plank from al-Hourriyeh Cave." F. Beyano, Ch. Mattar and H. Abdul-Nour (eds.), "Mgharet al-Hourriyé (Karm Saddé, Caza de Zgharta)," Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises 6 (2002): 135 –178.

Cichocki, O. 2006. "Libanesische Zedern als Datierungswerkzeug in der ägyptischen Archäologie." E. Czerny, I. Hein, H. Hunger, D. Melman, and A. Schwab (eds.), Timelines. Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149, Louvain: Peeters, Bd. 3, pp. 293-299.

Cichocki, O. (in press). "Cèdres libanais comme instrument de datation en Egypte," Proceedings of the 3ICAANE. Paris : Eisenbrauns.

David, R. A. 1986. The Pyramids Builders of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Fattovich, R. 1996. "Punt: The Archaeological Perspective," Beitrage zur Sudanforschung 6: 15-29.

Fattovich, R., and K. A. Bard. 2006. Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples "l'Orientale" (Naples, Italy), Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, USA) - 2005-2006 Field Season. <http://www.archeogate.com>.

Gerisch, R. 2004. Holzkohleuntersuchungen an pharaonischem und byzantinischem Material aus Amarna und Umgebung. Ein Beitrag zur Identifizierung von Hölzern unter Berücksichtigung des Gebrauches von Holz als Brennmaterial und seine Rolle bei der Rekonstruktion der lokalen Vegetation. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 53. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.

Gerisch, R. 2007. "Identification of Wood and Charcoal." K. A. Bard and R. Fattovich (eds.), Harbor of the Pharaohs to the Land of Punt. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli "l'Orientale," pp. 170-188.

Kelley, A. L. 1976. The Pottery of Ancient Egypt. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.

Kołosowska, E, Mahmoud el-Tayeb, and E. Paner. 2003. "Old Kush in the Fourth Cataract Region," Sudan & Nubia 7: 21-25.

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Siddall, M., E. J. Rohling, A. Almogi-Labin, C. Hemleben, D. Meischner, I. Schmelzer, and D. A. Smeed. 2003. "Sea-level Fluctuations during the Last Glacial Cycle," Natur e 423: 853– 858.

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Wachsmann, S. 1997. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.

Ward, C. A. 2000. Sacred and Secular: Ancient Egyptian Ships and Boats. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, pp.15-25.

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Mersa/Wadi Gawasis 2006-2007 Report
Mersa/Wadi Gawasis 2006-2007 Report

Table 1
Table 1

Table 2
Table 2

Table 3
Table 3

Table 4
Table 4

Table 5
Table 5

Figure 1: a) Map of study area showing approximate locations of coring transects; b) Sample Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles showing relatively steep wadi-ward (northward) dipping reflectors.
Figure 1: a) Map of study area showing approximate locations of coring transects; b) Sample Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles showing relatively steep wadi-ward (northward) dipping reflectors.

Figure 2: a) Profile drawing of WG 41. Dotted line indicates halite impregnations; b) Photograph of northern end of WG 41 showing reddened layers 1 3.
Figure 2: a) Profile drawing of WG 41. Dotted line indicates halite impregnations; b) Photograph of northern end of WG 41 showing reddened layers 1 3.

Figure 3: a) Map showing the areas surveyed magnetically in seasons 2005–06 and 2006–07. Grids on the left and right are mapped with a gradiometer. Grids in the middle show total field measurements. Grids are overlain on a Quickbird true color composite (pan-sharpened). Contour interval = 50 cm. b) Total magnetic field data measured on the terrace top. Caves WG 1–7 are located along the western edge of the survey area, approximately 4–6 meters beneath the surface.
Figure 3: a) Map showing the areas surveyed magnetically in seasons 2005–06 and 2006–07. Grids on the left and right are mapped with a gradiometer. Grids in the middle show total field measurements. Grids are overlain on a Quickbird true color composite (pan-sharpened). Contour interval = 50 cm. b) Total magnetic field data measured on the terrace top. Caves WG 1–7 are located along the western edge of the survey area, approximately 4–6 meters beneath the surface.

Figure 4: a) Excavation unit profile showing laminated eolian sand deposits in front of Caves 5–7. b) radar profiles through the same deposit. Wooden boxes are visible as pronounced but low magnitude parabolic reflections (an example is indicated by the arrow). c) Radar transects for geomorphological profiling, Transects 1 – 4. d) Radar transects for geomorphological profiling, Transects 5 – 8.
Figure 4: a) Excavation unit profile showing laminated eolian sand deposits in front of Caves 5–7. b) radar profiles through the same deposit. Wooden boxes are visible as pronounced but low magnitude parabolic reflections (an example is indicated by the arrow). c) Radar transects for geomorphological profiling, Transects 1 – 4. d) Radar transects for geomorphological profiling, Transects 5 – 8.

Figure 5: WG site map. Figure 8: WG 39/Cave 3.
Figure 5: WG site map. Figure 8: WG 39/Cave 3.

Figure 6: WG 32.
Figure 6: WG 32.

Figure 7: a) WG 33, SU2, niche. b) WG 33, SU2, stela.
Figure 7: a) WG 33, SU2, niche. b) WG 33, SU2, stela.

Figure 8: WG 39/Cave 3.
Figure 8: WG 39/Cave 3.

Figure 9: a) WG 40, SU2, Feature A. b) WG 40, SU4, Feature B.
Figure 9: a) WG 40, SU2, Feature A. b) WG 40, SU4, Feature B.

Figure 10: WG 26, SU105, a complete pot found in a possible fire pit.
Figure 10: WG 26, SU105, a complete pot found in a possible fire pit.

Figure 11: WG 37, WG 38, WG 40, excavated areas.
Figure 11: WG 37, WG 38, WG 40, excavated areas.

Figure 12: WG 37 A4, north baulk profile.
Figure 12: WG 37 A4, north baulk profile.

Figure 13: a) WG 32, “ration bowls.” b) Sherd with impressed decoration from the Eritrean-Sudanese western lowlands.
Figure 13: a) WG 32, “ration bowls.” b) Sherd with impressed decoration from the Eritrean-Sudanese western lowlands.

Figure 14: a) Cave 3, T55. b) Cave 3, T64. Figure 16: a) Single platform core fragment from WG 26 C4-D4, SU95. b) Sidescraper from WG 26 C4-D3, surface. c) Notch from WG26 C4-D4, SU104. d) Sidescraper/perforator from WG 26 C4-D4, SU1.
Figure 14: a) Cave 3, T55. b) Cave 3, T64. Figure 16: a) Single platform core fragment from WG 26 C4-D4, SU95. b) Sidescraper from WG 26 C4-D3, surface. c) Notch from WG26 C4-D4, SU104. d) Sidescraper/perforator from WG 26 C4-D4, SU1.

Figure 15: a) Anchor A23 from Cave 2, northwest wall. b) Anchor A24 from WG 38, A4, SU7.
Figure 15: a) Anchor A23 from Cave 2, northwest wall. b) Anchor A24 from WG 38, A4, SU7.

Figure 16: a) Single platform core fragment from WG 26 C4-D4, SU95. b) Sidescraper from WG 26 C4-D3, surface. c) Notch from WG26 C4-D4, SU104. d) Sidescraper/perforator from WG 26 C4-D4, SU1.
Figure 16: a) Single platform core fragment from WG 26 C4-D4, SU95. b) Sidescraper from WG 26 C4-D3, surface. c) Notch from WG26 C4-D4, SU104. d) Sidescraper/perforator from WG 26 C4-D4, SU1.

Figure 17: a) Desiccated plant macro remains from WG 39, Cave 3 B2, SU8. b) Nutshell with rodent gnaw marks from WG 39, Cave 3 A1, SU1. c) Plaster spill (top) and impression of cave floor on the underside (bottom) from WG 39, Cave 3 B2. d) Charred, small pieces of burnt hulled grains of barley glued together: barley kasha (top) and detail of barely grains (bottom) from WG 19/25/26/27, SU72. e) An oval ecofact: possible whole nut (top) and detail of cross section (bottom) from WG 40, SU4 Feature C.
Figure 17: a) Desiccated plant macro remains from WG 39, Cave 3 B2, SU8. b) Nutshell with rodent gnaw marks from WG 39, Cave 3 A1, SU1. c) Plaster spill (top) and impression of cave floor on the underside (bottom) from WG 39, Cave 3 B2. d) Charred, small pieces of burnt hulled grains of barley glued together: barley kasha (top) and detail of barely grains (bottom) from WG 19/25/26/27, SU72. e) An oval ecofact: possible whole nut (top) and detail of cross section (bottom) from WG 40, SU4 Feature C.

Figure 18: a) Inscribed wooden box and inscription from WG 32, SU25. b) Stela 14 from WG 32, SU1.
Figure 18: a) Inscribed wooden box and inscription from WG 32, SU25. b) Stela 14 from WG 32, SU1.